vol. 20, no. 1

American

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| Civil Liberties "%

Union-News

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Free Press

Free Assemblage

Free Speech

"Eternal vigilance is the price of liberty."

VOLUME XX

SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA, JANUARY, 1955

NUMBER 1

San Francisco Housing Oath

Case Under Submission

On December 14, San Francisco Municipal Court

Judge C. Harold Caulfield heard oral arguments

on the question of whether the San Francisco

Housing Authority has an unlimited power of evic-

tion over its public housing tenants, and whether

the Gwinn Amendment's certificate of non-mem-

bership in any organization on the Attorney Gen-

eral's list is a valid requirement for public housing.

This case involves non-signing Mrs. Mollie Thor-

ner, 45, the mother of a small daughter, whom the

8S. F. Housing Authority is attempting to evict

without stating any reason for its action.

ACLU Staff Counsel Lawrence Speiser, who is

representing Mrs. Thorner, contended that the real

reason for the attempted eviction is Mrs. Thorner's

refusal to sign the "loyalty oath," and that the

Housing Authority's action violates both the State

and Federal Constitutions. He argued that the

oath has no reasonable relationship in furthering

the purpose of the low cost housing program nor

of protecting the security of the country, and

pointed to the recent Illinois Supreme Court deci-

sion invalidating such a requirement in a similar

housing case.

William J, Ahlbach, attorney for the Authority,

claimed that the Housing Authority has the same

rights as any landlord and may evict in accordance

with the terms of the lease.

Judge Caulfield took the matter under submis-

sion and promised an early decision.

This case is now in the same position as a simi-

' lar one in Richmond, with both awaiting decisions

in municipal courts. In Los Angeles, a decision

adverse to the tenant in the municipal court has

been appealed to the Appellate Department of the

Superior Court, where a decision is expected short-

ly. It was unknown at the time the NEWS went to

press whether the Chicago Housing Authority has

appealed last month's adverse decision to the U.S.

Supreme Court.

- ARTHUR GARFIELD HAYS

ACLU of Northern California Is Handling

Thirteen Test Cases In

The ACLU of Northern California, through its

staff counsel, Lawrence Speiser, is handling the

following 13 legal cases involving civil liberties

issues and is also appearing as "friend of the

court" in another case. :

The ACLU needs and welcomes contributions

towards the financing of these cases. Contribu-

tions should be properly earmarked and sent to

the ACLU, 503 Market St., San Francisco 5, Calif.

Tax Exemption Loyalty Oaths

First Methodist Church of San Leandro v.

Horstmann: Declaratory relief action to determine

if the state may constitutionally exact an oath

from a church, that it does not advocate the violent

overthrow of the government, as a condition of

continued tax exemption. Over the objections of

the District Attorney, Alameda County Superior

Court Judge Ralph. Hoyt determined that the

church was entitled to have its rights under the

law determined without first having to pay the

taxes. A stipulation of all pertinent facts has been

filed and briefs on legal points are being prepared

by both sides. Co-counsel: William T. Belcher of

Oakland.

Prince v. City and County of San Francisco: Suit

for recovery of property taxes paid under protest,

testing constitutionality of tax exemption loyalty

Arthur Garfield Hayes,

ACLU General Counsel, Dies

Arthur Garfield Hays, general counsel of the

American Civil Liberties Union, died last month

of a heart attack at the age of 73. The man whose

name was synonymous with defense of civil liber-

ties in famous cases over the last 30 years, was

mourned by his associates on the ACLU Board

as "a valiant fighter for civil liberties whose death

is a great loss to the cause of human freedom."

Handled Famous Cases

Among the famous cases in which Hayes had

served as counsel were the Sacco-Vanzetti case,

the Scopes evolution and Scottsboro trials, and the

trial of Georgi Dmitrov, whom Hitler charged with

burning the Reichstag. He went down into the

Kentucky coal fields to defend the right of union

organizers to hold meetings and helped to break

Jersey City Mayor Frank Hague's ("I am the

law'') ban on union meetings.

A statement noting that Hays' death was "a

great loss to the cause of human freedom not only

in the United States, but throughout the world,"

was issued by officials of the ACLU.

"Hig life was devoted to the protection of the

rights of individuals, big and small, because he

believed in and practiced the principles of justice

and liberty for everyone.

Unafraid of Change

"As general counsel of the ACLU and a member

of its Board of Directors for 29 years, he fought

zealously in our courts for an ever-widening appli-

cation of the Bill of Rights. He treasured our

charter of freedom as a living document that

guarantees every American the freedom and lib-

erty which are mankind's rights. His always-fresh

love of liberty made him unafraid of change. He

was always ready to challenge anyone who sought

to restrict thought and speech by the mold of

orthodoxy. The battlefronts on which he cam-

paigned for civil liberties spanned the globe, from

a Kentucky mining town, to a congressional com-

mittee room, to the halls of government at home

and abroad.

`His death removes from the scene a valiant

fighter for civil liberties, but his devotion and

record of achievement will serve as a beacon to

his associates on the board and the Union's mem-

bership throughout the country. The ACLU shall

continue his work, which is the work of free men

everywhere who prize freedom and democracy and

are willing to defend it."

the Courts

oath for veterans: ACLU brief for the veteran was

submitted on December 22 after a stipulation as

to the facts in the case. San Francisco Superior

Court Judge W. T. Sweigert will decide the case

after submission of City's brief. Co-counsel: Ralph

T. Wertheimer of San Francisco.

Speiser v. Randall and Foley: Declaratory relief

action testing the constitutionality of non-dis-

loyalty oath for veteran's tax exemption. Briefs

have been submitted by both sides, and oral argu-

ments were heard by all five Superior Court Judges

of Contra, Costa county on December 23rd. The

case is now under submission to the court. Co-

counsel: Joseph Landisman of Richmond.

Lehrer v. Hall: Declaratory relief action similar

to the Speiser loyalty oath tax exemption case,

filed in Marin county. District Attorney W. O..

Weissich has conceded that the case presents a

constitutional issue and his formal answer is now

being awaited. The matter is being heard by Sup-

erior Court Judge Thomas Keating. Co-counsel:

John Douglas Short of Sausalito.

Gwinn Amendment

___ Richmond Housing Authority v. Buchalter, et al:

The issues presently under submission to Rich-

_mond Municipal Judge Leo G. Marcollo are

whether the Housing Authority may evict the -

families of three tenants in public housing for

any reason it wishes and whether the "Gwinn (c)

Rider" requirement of an oath of non-membership

in proscribed organizations is a valid condition for

public housing tenancy, The matter has been sub-

mitted since October 21st, with the ACLU posi-

tion considerably strengthened by a recent Illinois

Supreme Court decision. Co-counsel: Joseph

Landisman of Richmond.

San Francisco Housing Authority v. Thorner:

The issues under submission to San Francisco

Municipal Judge C. Harold Caulfield are exactly

the same as those in the Richmond Housing case

above. Co-counsel: Attorney Franklyn Brann of

San Francisco.

Naturalization

Petition of Jean Bradley: The issue before So-

lano County Superior Court Judge Joseph Raines

is whether Mrs. Bradley must take a naturaliza-

tion oath (under a 1952 law) to perform work of

national importance in war-time, which the nat-

uralization hearing examiner claims includes work-

ing in munitions factories-something which Mrs.

Bradley opposes on religious grounds. The matter

was argued on August 19 and briefs have been

filed. The court's decision is being awaited.

Petition of Iise Scaccio: Jehovah's Witness Ilse

Scaccio's religious convictions prohibit her work-

ing in a munition factory. The Naturalization Serv-

ice contends that the present naturalization oath

requires her to do war work. A hearing was held

on December 22nd before Federal Judge Louis

Goodman. Briefs will be submitted.

Immigration

Barrow v. Barber: This case concerns itself with

the exclusion from the United States of a per-

manent resident without a fair hearing before

the U.S. Immigration Service. It has been pending

before Federal Judge Louis Goodman for over six

months. Congressional action to remedy the situa-

tion of this Honduran "stowaway" was not com-

pleted in the last Congress and has, therefore,

lapsed.

Dilwerth Act-Teacher Dismissals

San Francisece Board of Education v. Mass: A

test of the Dilworth Act which requires dismissal

of teachers who refuse to answer political ques-

tions covering the period since September 10, 1948.

Mass refused to answer the questions of the Velde

Committee. An appeal is pending before the First

District Court of Appeals. The ACLU brief is due

in January.

Contra Costa Board of Education v. John and

(Continued on Page 4, Col. 1)

Page 2

AMERICAN CIVIL LIBERTIES UNION-NEWS

JANUARY, 1955

ACLU Conference on Finances

Set for Chicago, Feb. 19-20

An ACLU conference on finances will be held

in Chicago at the Conference House, Chicago

Theological Seminary, February 19 and 20. _

The conference springs from the dissatisfaction

of a number of affiliates with the present financial

arrangements with the national office. Beginning

in June 1951, the national office induced some of:

the affiliates to integrate their membership and

finances with the national office, After almost

four years, all of the branches except Northern

California are "integrated."

As a result, all of the membership dues and con-

tributions of the "integrated" branches is sent by

members directly to the national office in New

York and each year the branches negotiate sep-

- arately for the return of some of the money to

their areas. Under this system the amounts re-

ceived by branches ranged from 20% to 70% on

renewals and 25% to 80% on new members.

No Consultation

During the past year, however, the national

office felt it necessary to raise its reserve funds to

$100,000 and one of the means adopted to accom-

plish that end was to cut the allotments of the

branches by 10%, WITHOUT PRIOR CONSUL-

"TATION. There are other complaints, but this is

`the principal one. When this is spelled out in dol-

lars and cents, it means that the eighteen inte-

grated branches combined will receive only

$96,350 for the fiscal year ending January 31,

while the national office will expend $178,150,

with the remaining $4000 of the budget charged

to the branches as services from the national of-

fice.

On the other hand, the `"`unintegrated"' Northern

California branch spent $29,245 from its Operat-

ing Fund during its fiscal year ending last October

31, while the national office received about $5000

from persons in this area, or about $1 in every $7

of the combined incomes.

_Members May Be Solicited

' Incidentally, during December and January the

national office is sending out 100,000 appeals for

membership. Don't be surprised if you receive one

of these letters because the national office has

purchased the subscription lists of a number of

national magazines. The local ACLU director has,

himself received a couple of such letters.

Members of this branch should remember to

send their dues directly to this branch at 503 Mar-

ket St., San Francisco 5, Calif., if they wish to

support ACLU work in Northern California, If

their money is sent to New York, none of. it will be

returned to this area.

ACLU Criticizes Velde Comm.

Report on `Hate' Groups

The American Civil Liberties Union last month

criticized a report by the House Un-American

Activities Committee on "neo-Fascist" and "hate"

groups on the ground that "it should not be the

function of congressional investigations to inquire

into political beliefs and associations." In a letter

to Congressman Harold H. Velde, chairman of

the committee, the Union also protested the fail-

ure to give the groups named a hearing and the

release of the report before it was considered by

the full committee.

The Union's letter stated, in part, as follows:

"The ACLU, as a non-partisan, private organi-

zation dedicated to the promotion of the Bill of

Rights, has steadfastly maintained that persons

or groups have a right to be heard by the con-

gressional committee reporting on their activities.

"We regret that this has not been done for

those concerned in the investigation of the `hate'

groups about whom the committee is reporting,

and submit that such denial to a hearing is con-

trary to the committee's rules promulgated on

July 15, 1953. We regret further that the men-

tioned report was leaked to the press, before being

subjected to full committee consideration.

"We have further maintained that it should not -

be the function of congressional investigations to

inquire into political beliefs and associations. It is

essential to the health of our democratic process

that free men be guaranteed the right to maintain

their political views and associations free from

governmental inquiry. It is this personal guaran-

tee which makes our society fundamentally differ-

ent from that of a totalitarian society. According-

ly, we urge you not to investigate any area of

public opinion, such as represented by the groups

mentioned in the newspaper stories, no matter

how repugnant are the views expressed by these

groups. Of course, should there be any indication

that these individual and groups are engaging in

subversive activities, it would be within the juris-

diction of the committee to investigate their activ-

ities."

Civil Rights In Social Work -

Six organizations of professional social workers

last month adopted a statement on civil rights

prepared by their Joint Committee on Civil Rights.

Joining in the statement were the American Asso-

ciation of Social Workers, San Francisco and East

Bay chapters; American Association of Group

Workers, Golden Gate Chapter; American Asso-

ciation of Medical Social Workers, Northern Cali-

fornia District; American Association of Psychi-

atric Social Workers, Northern California Dis-

trict, and the National Association of School So-

cial Workers, Northern California chapter. These

organizations represent 601 professional social

workers.

The statement follows:

Growing Enforcement of Orthodoxy

Because the profession of social work is con-

cerned with problems arising from- unmet needs,

it is obligated to consider both the social situation

in which men live, and those forces within indivi-

duals or groups which affect their ability to live

as creative members of society. As social workers

We are aware today of profound danger not only

to individuals but to our entire democratic society

in the growing enforcement of orthodoxy and sup-

pression of free thought. The shadow of fear cast

by these pressures leads to a curtailment of in-

dividual expression and blocks the development of

healthy personality. Suppression of freedom and

spread of fear close the door to creative solutions

and do not permit change to come by choice,

Trust and Freedom Essential

Social work is based on the belief that in an

atmosphere of trust and freedom individuals can

make wise choices. We know that our very exis-

A Statement of Principles

tence depends on the finding of creative solutions

to the problems we face today. We believe: that

trust and freedom can exist only where basic hu-

man needs are met and basic human rights pro-

tected. We believe that for individual and social

well-being every person must have economic secur-

ity, optimum conditions for physical health, the

meeting of needs for emotional security, oppor-

tunity for full development of intellectual capacity

and opportunity to make a constructive contribu-

tion to society. These basic human rights must be

guaranteed: safety and security of the person;

the right to citizenship and its privileges; freedom

of conscience, expression and association; and the

right to equality of opportunity.

Profession Opposes Certain Practices

The profession of social work stands opposed to

practices which threaten these human rights and

the fulfillment of basic human needs. We oppose

individual or group behavior which stimulates sus-

picion and fear or which would make loss of eco-

nomic security and social position the cost of

exercising constitutional rights. :

Profession Needs Freedom

In the discharge of its professional responsibil-

ity social work must be free to seek modification

of established institutions and to promote meas-

ures of social reform. Its practitioners cannot ful-

fill their obligations without freedom to express

and act on their beliefs; to take such lawful politi-

cal action as advocacy, support, or opposition to

legislation; and to work with others for the main- .

tenance of a society in which the individual has

value and in which human needs are met and

human rights are protected.

McCGarran-Walter Citizenship

Oath Tested In Federal Court

A legal test of the phrase "work of national im-

portance" in the 1953 McCarran-Walter Naturali-

zation oath is being made in Federal Judge Louis

Goodman's district court.

The U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Serv-

ice has recommended the denial of naturalization

to Mrs. Ilse Scaccio, German-born Jehovah's Wit-

ness, on the ground that she would be unwilling to

work in munitions factories, which the Naturaliza-

tion Service contends is required under the na-

turalization oath. The matter came up for a hear-

ing before Judge Goodman on December 22nd, It

was agreed that briefs would be submitted on the

legal issues involved.

Mrs. Scaccio is the wife of a regular Army Ser-

geant with 14 years service, and is expecting her

second child this month. If her petition for natural-

ization is granted, she hopes to join her husband

overseas where he is now stationed. She is being

represented by ACLU Staff Counsel Lawrence

Speiser.

The case is slightly different from that of Mrs.

Jean Bradley whose petition for naturalization is

now under submission to Solano County Superior

Court Judge Joseph Raines. In Mrs. Bradley's case,

the issue is which oath Mrs. Bradley must take,

the 1940 Naturalization Oath, which makes no

mention of doing work of national importance or

the 1952 Oath. Mrs. Bradley, a Disciple of Christ,

likewise has religious convictions which prohibit

her from working in munitions factories.

Georgia and Louisiana -

Vote School Segregation

Georgia and Louisiana voters have approved

amendments to their state constitutions to thwart

any attempt to end segregation in public schools.

The Georgia measure carried by 185,809 to 165,

848, and the Louisiana amendment was approved

by a majority of about 5 to 1. In Georgia, voting

in the cities went against the amendment, but re-

turns from rural precincts overcame the city vote.

Georgians voted for a measure to eliminate pub-

lic schools and to set up a state-supported private

school system if necessary. Governor Talmadge,

who sponsored the proposal, said he hoped "it

would never be necessary" to use the measure.

Pro-amendment forces said it would be used only

if an attempt is made in Georgia to enforce the

Supreme Court's decision outlawing public school

segregation. Anti-amendment forces argued that

the amendment would not preserve segregation

and ultimately would destroy the Georgia school

system.

The Louisiana amendment makes continued

segregation a police responsibility, with integra-

tion measures to be regarded as a menace to the

public safety.

Gov't Policy of Detaining

Aliens in Prisons Rescinded

After vigorous protest by author Pearl Buck,

Congressman Jacob K. Javits, The New York

Times, and the American Civil Liberties Union,

the Department of Justice announced last month

that it was changing its policy of holding aliens

ineligible for parole in prisons. Henceforth, the

Department said, the aliens will be housed in ho-

tels until other quarters can be secured.

Under a new program, aliens can be paroled

pending settlement of their cases unless they

are likely to flee or if their entry into the U.S.

would be against the national interest. Until the

program was changed, more than forty-five aliens

were held in the Federal House of Detention in |

New York City and the Westchester County Jail

in Eastview, New York.

The ACLU, which had attacked the program as

a violation of due process because persons were

committed to jail when they had not been sen-

tenced for a crime, expressed appreciation for the

Department of Justice's revised policy. In a letter

to Attorney General Brownell, the ACLU said: -

"We wish to express our gratitude for the open-

mindedness with which the Department has re-

ceived arguments about this policy from various

quarters, and we are appreciative of the change

in policy. The detention of aliens in hotels or in

quarters other than prisons shows that the De-

partment is concerned with strengthening the

concepts of due process, and realizes that unfair

treatment of aliens is a handicap in our efforts

to demonstrate to the world the principles of free-

dom and equality for which America stands."

Name Marin County

Committee of ACLU

The local director of the ACLU, on the instruc-

tions of the Executive Committee, last month

appointed a Marin County Committee of the

ACLU. That Committee will concern itself with

educational and membership problems in Marin

county. Violations of civil liberties in the area

will continue to be handled by the San Francisco

Office.

Thus far, the following 20 persons have ac-

cepted appointments to the Committee: E. N.

Baty, Herman Bernick, Mrs. Richard Bloomgar-

den, Mrs. F. S. Coolidge, Milen C. Dempster, Mrs.

Robert E. Dewey, Harry L. Evans, Mrs. William

M. Ford, Jr., Mrs. H. G. Hemingway, Mrs. Roger

F. Hooper, Jr., Phylis Kotite, Mrs. E. D. Leder-

man, Sali Lieberman, H. Putnam Livermore, Mrs.

Russell J. Merret, Clement W. Miller, Vera Schultz,

Fred H. Smith, IV, Mrs. Byron W. Todd and Mrs.

William Winter.

Additional appointments to the committee have

been made which will raise its membership to 25

persons. It is expected that the committee will

have its first meeting sometime in January.

JANUARY, 1955

AMERICAN CIVIL LIBERTIES UNION-NEWS

Page 3

Five Judges Hear Vet's Tax

Exemption Oath Arguments |

_ Legal history was made in Contra Costa County,

_as all five Superior Court judges heard oral argu-

ments on December 22, 1954, on the question of

the constitutionality of a "loyalty" oath as a re-

quirement for a veteran's tax exemption. |

This case, one of several filed by the ACLU in

various Bay Area counties, involves the denial of

the veteran's tax exemption to ACLU Staff Coun-

sel, Lawrence Speiser, for his refusal to sign the

"loyalty" oath in his application form, He then

filed an action for declaratory relief against

Contra Costa Assessor, Justin A. Randall and El

Cerrito City Assessor, Mary Ellen Foley.

Court Sits En Banc

The constitutional question is considered so im-

`portant that it was agreed that the entire Superior

Court consisting of Judges Harold Jacoby, Hugh

M. Donovan, Homer W. Patterson, Norman A.

Gregg, and Wakefield Taylor, sit and decide the

case.

Speiser, arguing in his own behalf, and co-coun-

sel Joseph Landisman of Richmond, traced the his-

tory of recent loyalty oath decisions and pointed

out that oaths of this kind have only been upheld

by the courts where the individuals required to

take the oaths have been in sensitive positions.

Veterans, however, as a group, are not in sensitive

positions, they contended, and thus, this oath re-

quirement does not in any way protect the security

of the country. He and Landisman, both referred

to the legislative history of the law and the lack

of a showing of a clear and present danger to the

country from the granting of the veteran's exemp-

_ tion, a showing that must be made, they stressed,

in order to uphold this law.

Assistant District. Attorney, Thomas F. Mc-

Bride, along with Deputy District Attorney,

George McClure and Clifford C. Anglim, E] Cerrito

. city attorney, argued that since the exemption

-. was a privilege, the state may impose any condi-

tion it wishes.

Speiser, however, contended that the state may

not place "as a price upon the privilege' the sur-

render of constitutional rights.

The matter was taken under submission by the

court, with a decision not expected for several

months. ee :

Jan. 15 Deadline on Voting for

_ ACLU National Committee

Up to December 27, exactly 562 ballots for mem-

bers of the ACLU National Committee had been

received at the Union's local office. Since 177 of

these ballots have double value, because cast by

husband and wife members, exactly 739 ballots

have thus far been counted.

Members who have not yet voted must have

their ballots in the local ACLU office by January

15, if they are to be counted.

Thirty-two persons have been nominated to fill

26 positions on the National Committee. From this

area, Dr. Alexander Meiklejohn and Prof. Edward

C. Tolman are up for re-election, while the Rev.

Harry C. Meserve is running for the first time.

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Honorary Member

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5 Chairman 2

Dr. Alexander Meiklejohn `

ACLUN_1946 ACLUN_1946.MODS ACLUN_1946.batch ACLUN_1947 ACLUN_1947.MODS ACLUN_1947.batch ACLUN_1948 ACLUN_1948.MODS ACLUN_1948.batch ACLUN_1949 ACLUN_1949.MODS ACLUN_1949.batch ACLUN_1950 ACLUN_1950.MODS ACLUN_1950.batch ACLUN_1951 ACLUN_1951.MODS ACLUN_1951.batch ACLUN_1952 ACLUN_1952.MODS ACLUN_1952.batch ACLUN_1953 ACLUN_1953.MODS ACLUN_1953.batch ACLUN_1954 ACLUN_1954.MODS ACLUN_1954.batch ACLUN_1955 ACLUN_1955.MODS ACLUN_1955.batch ACLUN_1956 ACLUN_1956.MODS ACLUN_1957 ACLUN_1957.MODS ACLUN_1958 ACLUN_1958.MODS ACLUN_1959 ACLUN_1959.MODS ACLUN_1960 ACLUN_1960.MODS ACLUN_1961 ACLUN_1961.MODS ACLUN_1962 ACLUN_1962.MODS ACLUN_1963 ACLUN_1963.MODS ACLUN_1964 ACLUN_1964.MODS ACLUN_1965 ACLUN_1965.MODS ACLUN_1966 ACLUN_1966.MODS ACLUN_1967 ACLUN_1967.MODS ACLUN_1968 ACLUN_1968.MODS ACLUN_1969 ACLUN_1969.MODS ACLUN_1970 ACLUN_1970.MODS ACLUN_1971 ACLUN_1971.MODS ACLUN_1972 ACLUN_1972.MODS ACLUN_1973 ACLUN_1973.MODS ACLUN_1974 ACLUN_1974.MODS ACLUN_1975 ACLUN_1975.MODS ACLUN_1976 ACLUN_1976.MODS ACLUN_1977 ACLUN_1977.MODS ACLUN_1978 ACLUN_1978.MODS ACLUN_1979 ACLUN_1979.MODS ACLUN_1980 ACLUN_1980.MODS ACLUN_1981 ACLUN_1981.MODS ACLUN_1982 ACLUN_1982.MODS ACLUN_1983 ACLUN_1983.MODS ACLUN_1984 ACLUN_1984.MODS ACLUN_1985 ACLUN_1985.MODS ACLUN_1986 ACLUN_1986.MODS ACLUN_1987 ACLUN_1987.MODS ACLUN_1988 ACLUN_1988.MODS ACLUN_1989 ACLUN_1989.MODS ACLUN_1990 ACLUN_1990.MODS ACLUN_1991 ACLUN_1991.MODS ACLUN_1992 ACLUN_1992.MODS ACLUN_1993 ACLUN_1993.MODS ACLUN_1994 ACLUN_1994.MODS ACLUN_1995 ACLUN_1995.MODS ACLUN_1996 ACLUN_1996.MODS ACLUN_1997 ACLUN_1997.MODS ACLUN_1998 ACLUN_1998.MODS ACLUN_1999 ACLUN_ladd ACLUN_ladd.MODS ACLUN_ladd.bags ACLUN_ladd.batch add-tei.sh create-bags.sh create-manuscript-bags.sh create-manuscript-batch.sh fits.log Helen Salz %

e Vice-Chairmen + ACLUN_1946 ACLUN_1946.MODS ACLUN_1946.batch ACLUN_1947 ACLUN_1947.MODS ACLUN_1947.batch ACLUN_1948 ACLUN_1948.MODS ACLUN_1948.batch ACLUN_1949 ACLUN_1949.MODS ACLUN_1949.batch ACLUN_1950 ACLUN_1950.MODS ACLUN_1950.batch ACLUN_1951 ACLUN_1951.MODS ACLUN_1951.batch ACLUN_1952 ACLUN_1952.MODS ACLUN_1952.batch ACLUN_1953 ACLUN_1953.MODS ACLUN_1953.batch ACLUN_1954 ACLUN_1954.MODS ACLUN_1954.batch ACLUN_1955 ACLUN_1955.MODS ACLUN_1955.batch ACLUN_1956 ACLUN_1956.MODS ACLUN_1957 ACLUN_1957.MODS ACLUN_1958 ACLUN_1958.MODS ACLUN_1959 ACLUN_1959.MODS ACLUN_1960 ACLUN_1960.MODS ACLUN_1961 ACLUN_1961.MODS ACLUN_1962 ACLUN_1962.MODS ACLUN_1963 ACLUN_1963.MODS ACLUN_1964 ACLUN_1964.MODS ACLUN_1965 ACLUN_1965.MODS ACLUN_1966 ACLUN_1966.MODS ACLUN_1967 ACLUN_1967.MODS ACLUN_1968 ACLUN_1968.MODS ACLUN_1969 ACLUN_1969.MODS ACLUN_1970 ACLUN_1970.MODS ACLUN_1971 ACLUN_1971.MODS ACLUN_1972 ACLUN_1972.MODS ACLUN_1973 ACLUN_1973.MODS ACLUN_1974 ACLUN_1974.MODS ACLUN_1975 ACLUN_1975.MODS ACLUN_1976 ACLUN_1976.MODS ACLUN_1977 ACLUN_1977.MODS ACLUN_1978 ACLUN_1978.MODS ACLUN_1979 ACLUN_1979.MODS ACLUN_1980 ACLUN_1980.MODS ACLUN_1981 ACLUN_1981.MODS ACLUN_1982 ACLUN_1982.MODS ACLUN_1983 ACLUN_1983.MODS ACLUN_1984 ACLUN_1984.MODS ACLUN_1985 ACLUN_1985.MODS ACLUN_1986 ACLUN_1986.MODS ACLUN_1987 ACLUN_1987.MODS ACLUN_1988 ACLUN_1988.MODS ACLUN_1989 ACLUN_1989.MODS ACLUN_1990 ACLUN_1990.MODS ACLUN_1991 ACLUN_1991.MODS ACLUN_1992 ACLUN_1992.MODS ACLUN_1993 ACLUN_1993.MODS ACLUN_1994 ACLUN_1994.MODS ACLUN_1995 ACLUN_1995.MODS ACLUN_1996 ACLUN_1996.MODS ACLUN_1997 ACLUN_1997.MODS ACLUN_1998 ACLUN_1998.MODS ACLUN_1999 ACLUN_ladd ACLUN_ladd.MODS ACLUN_ladd.bags ACLUN_ladd.batch add-tei.sh create-bags.sh create-manuscript-bags.sh create-manuscript-batch.sh fits.log

2 Fred H. Smith, IV %

ACLUN_1946 ACLUN_1946.MODS ACLUN_1946.batch ACLUN_1947 ACLUN_1947.MODS ACLUN_1947.batch ACLUN_1948 ACLUN_1948.MODS ACLUN_1948.batch ACLUN_1949 ACLUN_1949.MODS ACLUN_1949.batch ACLUN_1950 ACLUN_1950.MODS ACLUN_1950.batch ACLUN_1951 ACLUN_1951.MODS ACLUN_1951.batch ACLUN_1952 ACLUN_1952.MODS ACLUN_1952.batch ACLUN_1953 ACLUN_1953.MODS ACLUN_1953.batch ACLUN_1954 ACLUN_1954.MODS ACLUN_1954.batch ACLUN_1955 ACLUN_1955.MODS ACLUN_1955.batch ACLUN_1956 ACLUN_1956.MODS ACLUN_1957 ACLUN_1957.MODS ACLUN_1958 ACLUN_1958.MODS ACLUN_1959 ACLUN_1959.MODS ACLUN_1960 ACLUN_1960.MODS ACLUN_1961 ACLUN_1961.MODS ACLUN_1962 ACLUN_1962.MODS ACLUN_1963 ACLUN_1963.MODS ACLUN_1964 ACLUN_1964.MODS ACLUN_1965 ACLUN_1965.MODS ACLUN_1966 ACLUN_1966.MODS ACLUN_1967 ACLUN_1967.MODS ACLUN_1968 ACLUN_1968.MODS ACLUN_1969 ACLUN_1969.MODS ACLUN_1970 ACLUN_1970.MODS ACLUN_1971 ACLUN_1971.MODS ACLUN_1972 ACLUN_1972.MODS ACLUN_1973 ACLUN_1973.MODS ACLUN_1974 ACLUN_1974.MODS ACLUN_1975 ACLUN_1975.MODS ACLUN_1976 ACLUN_1976.MODS ACLUN_1977 ACLUN_1977.MODS ACLUN_1978 ACLUN_1978.MODS ACLUN_1979 ACLUN_1979.MODS ACLUN_1980 ACLUN_1980.MODS ACLUN_1981 ACLUN_1981.MODS ACLUN_1982 ACLUN_1982.MODS ACLUN_1983 ACLUN_1983.MODS ACLUN_1984 ACLUN_1984.MODS ACLUN_1985 ACLUN_1985.MODS ACLUN_1986 ACLUN_1986.MODS ACLUN_1987 ACLUN_1987.MODS ACLUN_1988 ACLUN_1988.MODS ACLUN_1989 ACLUN_1989.MODS ACLUN_1990 ACLUN_1990.MODS ACLUN_1991 ACLUN_1991.MODS ACLUN_1992 ACLUN_1992.MODS ACLUN_1993 ACLUN_1993.MODS ACLUN_1994 ACLUN_1994.MODS ACLUN_1995 ACLUN_1995.MODS ACLUN_1996 ACLUN_1996.MODS ACLUN_1997 ACLUN_1997.MODS ACLUN_1998 ACLUN_1998.MODS ACLUN_1999 ACLUN_ladd ACLUN_ladd.MODS ACLUN_ladd.bags ACLUN_ladd.batch add-tei.sh create-bags.sh create-manuscript-bags.sh create-manuscript-batch.sh fits.log Secretary- Treasurer %

(c) Ernest Besig =

= Director %

Lawrence Speiser .

Staff Counsel ACLUN_1946 ACLUN_1946.MODS ACLUN_1946.batch ACLUN_1947 ACLUN_1947.MODS ACLUN_1947.batch ACLUN_1948 ACLUN_1948.MODS ACLUN_1948.batch ACLUN_1949 ACLUN_1949.MODS ACLUN_1949.batch ACLUN_1950 ACLUN_1950.MODS ACLUN_1950.batch ACLUN_1951 ACLUN_1951.MODS ACLUN_1951.batch ACLUN_1952 ACLUN_1952.MODS ACLUN_1952.batch ACLUN_1953 ACLUN_1953.MODS ACLUN_1953.batch ACLUN_1954 ACLUN_1954.MODS ACLUN_1954.batch ACLUN_1955 ACLUN_1955.MODS ACLUN_1955.batch ACLUN_1956 ACLUN_1956.MODS ACLUN_1957 ACLUN_1957.MODS ACLUN_1958 ACLUN_1958.MODS ACLUN_1959 ACLUN_1959.MODS ACLUN_1960 ACLUN_1960.MODS ACLUN_1961 ACLUN_1961.MODS ACLUN_1962 ACLUN_1962.MODS ACLUN_1963 ACLUN_1963.MODS ACLUN_1964 ACLUN_1964.MODS ACLUN_1965 ACLUN_1965.MODS ACLUN_1966 ACLUN_1966.MODS ACLUN_1967 ACLUN_1967.MODS ACLUN_1968 ACLUN_1968.MODS ACLUN_1969 ACLUN_1969.MODS ACLUN_1970 ACLUN_1970.MODS ACLUN_1971 ACLUN_1971.MODS ACLUN_1972 ACLUN_1972.MODS ACLUN_1973 ACLUN_1973.MODS ACLUN_1974 ACLUN_1974.MODS ACLUN_1975 ACLUN_1975.MODS ACLUN_1976 ACLUN_1976.MODS ACLUN_1977 ACLUN_1977.MODS ACLUN_1978 ACLUN_1978.MODS ACLUN_1979 ACLUN_1979.MODS ACLUN_1980 ACLUN_1980.MODS ACLUN_1981 ACLUN_1981.MODS ACLUN_1982 ACLUN_1982.MODS ACLUN_1983 ACLUN_1983.MODS ACLUN_1984 ACLUN_1984.MODS ACLUN_1985 ACLUN_1985.MODS ACLUN_1986 ACLUN_1986.MODS ACLUN_1987 ACLUN_1987.MODS ACLUN_1988 ACLUN_1988.MODS ACLUN_1989 ACLUN_1989.MODS ACLUN_1990 ACLUN_1990.MODS ACLUN_1991 ACLUN_1991.MODS ACLUN_1992 ACLUN_1992.MODS ACLUN_1993 ACLUN_1993.MODS ACLUN_1994 ACLUN_1994.MODS ACLUN_1995 ACLUN_1995.MODS ACLUN_1996 ACLUN_1996.MODS ACLUN_1997 ACLUN_1997.MODS ACLUN_1998 ACLUN_1998.MODS ACLUN_1999 ACLUN_ladd ACLUN_ladd.MODS ACLUN_ladd.bags ACLUN_ladd.batch add-tei.sh create-bags.sh create-manuscript-bags.sh create-manuscript-batch.sh fits.log

= Philip Adams %

Arthur P. Allen %

= Albert Brundage ACLUN_1946 ACLUN_1946.MODS ACLUN_1946.batch ACLUN_1947 ACLUN_1947.MODS ACLUN_1947.batch ACLUN_1948 ACLUN_1948.MODS ACLUN_1948.batch ACLUN_1949 ACLUN_1949.MODS ACLUN_1949.batch ACLUN_1950 ACLUN_1950.MODS ACLUN_1950.batch ACLUN_1951 ACLUN_1951.MODS ACLUN_1951.batch ACLUN_1952 ACLUN_1952.MODS ACLUN_1952.batch ACLUN_1953 ACLUN_1953.MODS ACLUN_1953.batch ACLUN_1954 ACLUN_1954.MODS ACLUN_1954.batch ACLUN_1955 ACLUN_1955.MODS ACLUN_1955.batch ACLUN_1956 ACLUN_1956.MODS ACLUN_1957 ACLUN_1957.MODS ACLUN_1958 ACLUN_1958.MODS ACLUN_1959 ACLUN_1959.MODS ACLUN_1960 ACLUN_1960.MODS ACLUN_1961 ACLUN_1961.MODS ACLUN_1962 ACLUN_1962.MODS ACLUN_1963 ACLUN_1963.MODS ACLUN_1964 ACLUN_1964.MODS ACLUN_1965 ACLUN_1965.MODS ACLUN_1966 ACLUN_1966.MODS ACLUN_1967 ACLUN_1967.MODS ACLUN_1968 ACLUN_1968.MODS ACLUN_1969 ACLUN_1969.MODS ACLUN_1970 ACLUN_1970.MODS ACLUN_1971 ACLUN_1971.MODS ACLUN_1972 ACLUN_1972.MODS ACLUN_1973 ACLUN_1973.MODS ACLUN_1974 ACLUN_1974.MODS ACLUN_1975 ACLUN_1975.MODS ACLUN_1976 ACLUN_1976.MODS ACLUN_1977 ACLUN_1977.MODS ACLUN_1978 ACLUN_1978.MODS ACLUN_1979 ACLUN_1979.MODS ACLUN_1980 ACLUN_1980.MODS ACLUN_1981 ACLUN_1981.MODS ACLUN_1982 ACLUN_1982.MODS ACLUN_1983 ACLUN_1983.MODS ACLUN_1984 ACLUN_1984.MODS ACLUN_1985 ACLUN_1985.MODS ACLUN_1986 ACLUN_1986.MODS ACLUN_1987 ACLUN_1987.MODS ACLUN_1988 ACLUN_1988.MODS ACLUN_1989 ACLUN_1989.MODS ACLUN_1990 ACLUN_1990.MODS ACLUN_1991 ACLUN_1991.MODS ACLUN_1992 ACLUN_1992.MODS ACLUN_1993 ACLUN_1993.MODS ACLUN_1994 ACLUN_1994.MODS ACLUN_1995 ACLUN_1995.MODS ACLUN_1996 ACLUN_1996.MODS ACLUN_1997 ACLUN_1997.MODS ACLUN_1998 ACLUN_1998.MODS ACLUN_1999 ACLUN_ladd ACLUN_ladd.MODS ACLUN_ladd.bags ACLUN_ladd.batch add-tei.sh create-bags.sh create-manuscript-bags.sh create-manuscript-batch.sh fits.log

ACLUN_1946 ACLUN_1946.MODS ACLUN_1946.batch ACLUN_1947 ACLUN_1947.MODS ACLUN_1947.batch ACLUN_1948 ACLUN_1948.MODS ACLUN_1948.batch ACLUN_1949 ACLUN_1949.MODS ACLUN_1949.batch ACLUN_1950 ACLUN_1950.MODS ACLUN_1950.batch ACLUN_1951 ACLUN_1951.MODS ACLUN_1951.batch ACLUN_1952 ACLUN_1952.MODS ACLUN_1952.batch ACLUN_1953 ACLUN_1953.MODS ACLUN_1953.batch ACLUN_1954 ACLUN_1954.MODS ACLUN_1954.batch ACLUN_1955 ACLUN_1955.MODS ACLUN_1955.batch ACLUN_1956 ACLUN_1956.MODS ACLUN_1957 ACLUN_1957.MODS ACLUN_1958 ACLUN_1958.MODS ACLUN_1959 ACLUN_1959.MODS ACLUN_1960 ACLUN_1960.MODS ACLUN_1961 ACLUN_1961.MODS ACLUN_1962 ACLUN_1962.MODS ACLUN_1963 ACLUN_1963.MODS ACLUN_1964 ACLUN_1964.MODS ACLUN_1965 ACLUN_1965.MODS ACLUN_1966 ACLUN_1966.MODS ACLUN_1967 ACLUN_1967.MODS ACLUN_1968 ACLUN_1968.MODS ACLUN_1969 ACLUN_1969.MODS ACLUN_1970 ACLUN_1970.MODS ACLUN_1971 ACLUN_1971.MODS ACLUN_1972 ACLUN_1972.MODS ACLUN_1973 ACLUN_1973.MODS ACLUN_1974 ACLUN_1974.MODS ACLUN_1975 ACLUN_1975.MODS ACLUN_1976 ACLUN_1976.MODS ACLUN_1977 ACLUN_1977.MODS ACLUN_1978 ACLUN_1978.MODS ACLUN_1979 ACLUN_1979.MODS ACLUN_1980 ACLUN_1980.MODS ACLUN_1981 ACLUN_1981.MODS ACLUN_1982 ACLUN_1982.MODS ACLUN_1983 ACLUN_1983.MODS ACLUN_1984 ACLUN_1984.MODS ACLUN_1985 ACLUN_1985.MODS ACLUN_1986 ACLUN_1986.MODS ACLUN_1987 ACLUN_1987.MODS ACLUN_1988 ACLUN_1988.MODS ACLUN_1989 ACLUN_1989.MODS ACLUN_1990 ACLUN_1990.MODS ACLUN_1991 ACLUN_1991.MODS ACLUN_1992 ACLUN_1992.MODS ACLUN_1993 ACLUN_1993.MODS ACLUN_1994 ACLUN_1994.MODS ACLUN_1995 ACLUN_1995.MODS ACLUN_1996 ACLUN_1996.MODS ACLUN_1997 ACLUN_1997.MODS ACLUN_1998 ACLUN_1998.MODS ACLUN_1999 ACLUN_ladd ACLUN_ladd.MODS ACLUN_ladd.bags ACLUN_ladd.batch add-tei.sh create-bags.sh create-manuscript-bags.sh create-manuscript-batch.sh fits.log Prof. James R. Caldwell

% Wayne M. Collins =

- Rabbi Alvin Fine and

Laurent B. Frantz %

+ Rey. Oscar F. Green =

Alice G. Heyneman ACLUN_1946 ACLUN_1946.MODS ACLUN_1946.batch ACLUN_1947 ACLUN_1947.MODS ACLUN_1947.batch ACLUN_1948 ACLUN_1948.MODS ACLUN_1948.batch ACLUN_1949 ACLUN_1949.MODS ACLUN_1949.batch ACLUN_1950 ACLUN_1950.MODS ACLUN_1950.batch ACLUN_1951 ACLUN_1951.MODS ACLUN_1951.batch ACLUN_1952 ACLUN_1952.MODS ACLUN_1952.batch ACLUN_1953 ACLUN_1953.MODS ACLUN_1953.batch ACLUN_1954 ACLUN_1954.MODS ACLUN_1954.batch ACLUN_1955 ACLUN_1955.MODS ACLUN_1955.batch ACLUN_1956 ACLUN_1956.MODS ACLUN_1957 ACLUN_1957.MODS ACLUN_1958 ACLUN_1958.MODS ACLUN_1959 ACLUN_1959.MODS ACLUN_1960 ACLUN_1960.MODS ACLUN_1961 ACLUN_1961.MODS ACLUN_1962 ACLUN_1962.MODS ACLUN_1963 ACLUN_1963.MODS ACLUN_1964 ACLUN_1964.MODS ACLUN_1965 ACLUN_1965.MODS ACLUN_1966 ACLUN_1966.MODS ACLUN_1967 ACLUN_1967.MODS ACLUN_1968 ACLUN_1968.MODS ACLUN_1969 ACLUN_1969.MODS ACLUN_1970 ACLUN_1970.MODS ACLUN_1971 ACLUN_1971.MODS ACLUN_1972 ACLUN_1972.MODS ACLUN_1973 ACLUN_1973.MODS ACLUN_1974 ACLUN_1974.MODS ACLUN_1975 ACLUN_1975.MODS ACLUN_1976 ACLUN_1976.MODS ACLUN_1977 ACLUN_1977.MODS ACLUN_1978 ACLUN_1978.MODS ACLUN_1979 ACLUN_1979.MODS ACLUN_1980 ACLUN_1980.MODS ACLUN_1981 ACLUN_1981.MODS ACLUN_1982 ACLUN_1982.MODS ACLUN_1983 ACLUN_1983.MODS ACLUN_1984 ACLUN_1984.MODS ACLUN_1985 ACLUN_1985.MODS ACLUN_1986 ACLUN_1986.MODS ACLUN_1987 ACLUN_1987.MODS ACLUN_1988 ACLUN_1988.MODS ACLUN_1989 ACLUN_1989.MODS ACLUN_1990 ACLUN_1990.MODS ACLUN_1991 ACLUN_1991.MODS ACLUN_1992 ACLUN_1992.MODS ACLUN_1993 ACLUN_1993.MODS ACLUN_1994 ACLUN_1994.MODS ACLUN_1995 ACLUN_1995.MODS ACLUN_1996 ACLUN_1996.MODS ACLUN_1997 ACLUN_1997.MODS ACLUN_1998 ACLUN_1998.MODS ACLUN_1999 ACLUN_ladd ACLUN_ladd.MODS ACLUN_ladd.bags ACLUN_ladd.batch add-tei.sh create-bags.sh create-manuscript-bags.sh create-manuscript-batch.sh fits.log

e Ruth Kingman %

" Prof. Carlo L. Lastrucci %

% Seaton W. Manning ACLUN_1946 ACLUN_1946.MODS ACLUN_1946.batch ACLUN_1947 ACLUN_1947.MODS ACLUN_1947.batch ACLUN_1948 ACLUN_1948.MODS ACLUN_1948.batch ACLUN_1949 ACLUN_1949.MODS ACLUN_1949.batch ACLUN_1950 ACLUN_1950.MODS ACLUN_1950.batch ACLUN_1951 ACLUN_1951.MODS ACLUN_1951.batch ACLUN_1952 ACLUN_1952.MODS ACLUN_1952.batch ACLUN_1953 ACLUN_1953.MODS ACLUN_1953.batch ACLUN_1954 ACLUN_1954.MODS ACLUN_1954.batch ACLUN_1955 ACLUN_1955.MODS ACLUN_1955.batch ACLUN_1956 ACLUN_1956.MODS ACLUN_1957 ACLUN_1957.MODS ACLUN_1958 ACLUN_1958.MODS ACLUN_1959 ACLUN_1959.MODS ACLUN_1960 ACLUN_1960.MODS ACLUN_1961 ACLUN_1961.MODS ACLUN_1962 ACLUN_1962.MODS ACLUN_1963 ACLUN_1963.MODS ACLUN_1964 ACLUN_1964.MODS ACLUN_1965 ACLUN_1965.MODS ACLUN_1966 ACLUN_1966.MODS ACLUN_1967 ACLUN_1967.MODS ACLUN_1968 ACLUN_1968.MODS ACLUN_1969 ACLUN_1969.MODS ACLUN_1970 ACLUN_1970.MODS ACLUN_1971 ACLUN_1971.MODS ACLUN_1972 ACLUN_1972.MODS ACLUN_1973 ACLUN_1973.MODS ACLUN_1974 ACLUN_1974.MODS ACLUN_1975 ACLUN_1975.MODS ACLUN_1976 ACLUN_1976.MODS ACLUN_1977 ACLUN_1977.MODS ACLUN_1978 ACLUN_1978.MODS ACLUN_1979 ACLUN_1979.MODS ACLUN_1980 ACLUN_1980.MODS ACLUN_1981 ACLUN_1981.MODS ACLUN_1982 ACLUN_1982.MODS ACLUN_1983 ACLUN_1983.MODS ACLUN_1984 ACLUN_1984.MODS ACLUN_1985 ACLUN_1985.MODS ACLUN_1986 ACLUN_1986.MODS ACLUN_1987 ACLUN_1987.MODS ACLUN_1988 ACLUN_1988.MODS ACLUN_1989 ACLUN_1989.MODS ACLUN_1990 ACLUN_1990.MODS ACLUN_1991 ACLUN_1991.MODS ACLUN_1992 ACLUN_1992.MODS ACLUN_1993 ACLUN_1993.MODS ACLUN_1994 ACLUN_1994.MODS ACLUN_1995 ACLUN_1995.MODS ACLUN_1996 ACLUN_1996.MODS ACLUN_1997 ACLUN_1997.MODS ACLUN_1998 ACLUN_1998.MODS ACLUN_1999 ACLUN_ladd ACLUN_ladd.MODS ACLUN_ladd.bags ACLUN_ladd.batch add-tei.sh create-bags.sh create-manuscript-bags.sh create-manuscript-batch.sh fits.log

z Rev. Harry C. Meserve and

William M. Roth 2

% Clarence E. Rust and

Prof. Laurence Sears 9

Prof. Wallace E. Stegner -

" Theodosia B. Stewart .

ACLUN_1946 ACLUN_1946.MODS ACLUN_1946.batch ACLUN_1947 ACLUN_1947.MODS ACLUN_1947.batch ACLUN_1948 ACLUN_1948.MODS ACLUN_1948.batch ACLUN_1949 ACLUN_1949.MODS ACLUN_1949.batch ACLUN_1950 ACLUN_1950.MODS ACLUN_1950.batch ACLUN_1951 ACLUN_1951.MODS ACLUN_1951.batch ACLUN_1952 ACLUN_1952.MODS ACLUN_1952.batch ACLUN_1953 ACLUN_1953.MODS ACLUN_1953.batch ACLUN_1954 ACLUN_1954.MODS ACLUN_1954.batch ACLUN_1955 ACLUN_1955.MODS ACLUN_1955.batch ACLUN_1956 ACLUN_1956.MODS ACLUN_1957 ACLUN_1957.MODS ACLUN_1958 ACLUN_1958.MODS ACLUN_1959 ACLUN_1959.MODS ACLUN_1960 ACLUN_1960.MODS ACLUN_1961 ACLUN_1961.MODS ACLUN_1962 ACLUN_1962.MODS ACLUN_1963 ACLUN_1963.MODS ACLUN_1964 ACLUN_1964.MODS ACLUN_1965 ACLUN_1965.MODS ACLUN_1966 ACLUN_1966.MODS ACLUN_1967 ACLUN_1967.MODS ACLUN_1968 ACLUN_1968.MODS ACLUN_1969 ACLUN_1969.MODS ACLUN_1970 ACLUN_1970.MODS ACLUN_1971 ACLUN_1971.MODS ACLUN_1972 ACLUN_1972.MODS ACLUN_1973 ACLUN_1973.MODS ACLUN_1974 ACLUN_1974.MODS ACLUN_1975 ACLUN_1975.MODS ACLUN_1976 ACLUN_1976.MODS ACLUN_1977 ACLUN_1977.MODS ACLUN_1978 ACLUN_1978.MODS ACLUN_1979 ACLUN_1979.MODS ACLUN_1980 ACLUN_1980.MODS ACLUN_1981 ACLUN_1981.MODS ACLUN_1982 ACLUN_1982.MODS ACLUN_1983 ACLUN_1983.MODS ACLUN_1984 ACLUN_1984.MODS ACLUN_1985 ACLUN_1985.MODS ACLUN_1986 ACLUN_1986.MODS ACLUN_1987 ACLUN_1987.MODS ACLUN_1988 ACLUN_1988.MODS ACLUN_1989 ACLUN_1989.MODS ACLUN_1990 ACLUN_1990.MODS ACLUN_1991 ACLUN_1991.MODS ACLUN_1992 ACLUN_1992.MODS ACLUN_1993 ACLUN_1993.MODS ACLUN_1994 ACLUN_1994.MODS ACLUN_1995 ACLUN_1995.MODS ACLUN_1996 ACLUN_1996.MODS ACLUN_1997 ACLUN_1997.MODS ACLUN_1998 ACLUN_1998.MODS ACLUN_1999 ACLUN_ladd ACLUN_ladd.MODS ACLUN_ladd.bags ACLUN_ladd.batch add-tei.sh create-bags.sh create-manuscript-bags.sh create-manuscript-batch.sh fits.log Stephen Thiermann =

% Franklin Williams %

%

o

ee

Oe 2% Mo Me oe oe Me re oe oe OMe OMe 00 SMe aM Mo OM HM 6M HM Mo 0 5M M0 0% oe Me M0 0 0% 0%

10 950 a0 a0 aSe 05 050 020 050 050 050 O50 O50 050 O50 90 00 050 050 O50 050 O20 O20 150 050 050 0L0 O10 C0 LO 050 LO OES

ss

"

=

and

=

%

and

ee

Security Case Ends Favorably

After One-Year Suspension

. Almost a year from the day she was suspended

_as a security risk, an employee of the Air Force in

Oakland was cleared and reinstated to her job.

She will receive almost a year's back salary.

The employee was suspended from her job on

December 11, 1953 on a charge that "At Berkeley,

California, during 1943 and for an unspecified

period of time thereafter, you were a member of

the American Youth for Democracy and attended

many of its gatherings and functions."

Denied AYD Membership

The employee insisted that she had never been

a member of AYD. The charges apparently sprang

out of her membership in a social club of high

school students in Berkeley, known as Jacks and

Jills. In the course of such membership, she did

have some contacts with AYD, who apparently

sought to exploit the club.

Jacks and Jills was started in 1942 by several

high school girls. It was made up of ten girls and

ten boys attending Berkeley High School who

wanted to get together for talk, playing of records

and informal dancing, picnics, sports events, skits

and formal parties.

Interested Only In Good Time

_ AYD invited them to one picnic at Tilden Re-

gional Park besides a party. In addition, they

entered an AYD project to send packages to serv-

ice men, they were induced to give a skit at some

left-wing meeting and to send delegates to a youth

conference in Los Angeles, That was the extent of

their involvement with AYD. They knew nothing

about politics and were not interested in the sub-

ject. They were interested only in having a good

time.

`Some of the information that formed the basis

for the charge apparently came from Miss Alice

Tyler, counselor at Berkeley High School. At the

hearing, the-Board informed the employee that

Miss Tyler had records in her possession which

"revealed that in 1944 you were a member of the

Jacks and Jills Club and also the American Youth

for Democracy. It's reported there that you said

you had been a member of the Jacks and Jills in

1943 and 1944 and had been a member of the

American Youth for Democracy for only a few

months in 1944." The board explained that Miss

Tyler had received this information from the em-

ployee in her capacity as girls' counselor, The

ACLU has not made any check with Miss Tyler

to find out whether she gave this information"to

government investigators.

The hearing was not held until April 138, 1954

and it took eight months after that for the favor-

able decision to be handed down.

ROTC Uniform Restored to

Univ. of Calif. "Nature Friend'

The Army last month ruled in favor of a Uni-

versity of California student who was compelled

to drill without a uniform after he listed member-

ship in the "Nature Friends of America" on his

"Loyalty Certificate for Personnel of the Armed

Services." The student's uniform has now been

restored to him.

As a matter of fact, the student belonged to

"Nature Friends, Inc.," which is not on the At-

torney General's list. When he informed the mili-

tary training department of his error, he was in-

formed that they would have to await a ruling

from Washington before taking any further action.

On November 17, in a letter to Dr. Clark Kerr,

Chancellor of the University of California at Ber-

keley, the ACLU of Northern California stated it

was not clear "why a student who has executed

the certificate of loyalty (even though listing an

exception) may not wear the uniform and insignia.

Does not the rider simply require execution of the

form," the ACLU asked. |

Under date of November 29, Dr. Kerr answered

that "The wording of the federal legislation pro-

vides that ROTC enrollees are to execute `a certi-

ficate of loyalty or loyalty oath in such form as

shall be prescribed by the Secretary of Defense.'

The directives subsequently issued by the Army

and the Air Force provided that students who

qualified the certificates should not be formally

enrolled or issued uniforms or insignia until higher

military authority has reviewed the qualifications

and had ruled on the students' eligibility for for-

mal enrollment."

The question still remains whether there is any

legal justification for the regulation promulgated

by the Defense Department. Congress simply re-

quired students to execute the "loyalty oath" or

certificate. It did not say that in order to be

formally enrolled in ROTC a student was required

to execute an unqualified form. That is something

that the Defense Department has added by its im-

plementation of the law.

Honorable Discharge for

Fort Ord Security Case

Despite a pending security proceding, an in-

ductee stationed at Fort Ord was granted an hon-

orable discharge at the expiration of his two year's

of service. He was represented by the ACLU.

While his discharge is honorable, it appears that

he is not as free as others to join the Reserves.

Before he may be accepted into the Reserves, con-

sent must be secured from the Adjutant General.

"Letter of Allegations"

Three months before his scheduled discharge,

he was served with a so-called "Letter of Allega-

gations" setting forth the following two vague

charges:

_ a. That he "Listed as character references three

individuals who were associated or in sympathy

with Communist or Communist front organiza-

tions." (It is noteworthy that the charges fail to

tell when the character references were listed or

who the bad characters are.) b. That he "Main-

tained an address book in which were listed names

of ten individuals associated with Communist or

Communist front organizations, or who were sub-

scribers to Communist publications. (Since he has

about 75 names in his address book, the soldier

can only speculate about whom the Army is con-

cerned.)

A motion for a bill of particulars was made in

writing and renewed at the hearing on Jctober

25, At that hearing, certain associates from the

inductee's unit were called as witnesses and all

testified that he had never said or done anything

of a subversive nature. Also, his service record,

which was introduced into evidence, showed that

he had an excellent record.

Inductee Not Cross-examined

The inductee was also sworn as a witness. The

Security Board did not choose to cross-examine

him. A motion was then made for the Board to ask

G-2 to release further information about the

charges concerning which the board seemed to be

as much in the dark as the inductee. The board

agreed to do this so the hearing was continued

indefinitely.

On October 28, however, the inductee was given

;two hours to:decide whether he would be willing to -

extend his term of service since the information -

`which the board had requested might not be avail-

able by the time his term of service expired. The

inductee refused to agree to an indefinite post-

ponement of his discharge and his service termi-

nated without a decision on the security issue and

under honorable conditions.

Defender of Civil Rights

It must be said of Arthur Garfield Hays, the

general counsel of the American Civil Liberties

Union who died this week, that because of him -

the people of the United States are more sure of

nee freedoms, the Constitution more secure on

its base.

For Hays, a Wall Street lawyer who made mil-

lions at his vocation of defending corporate inter-

ests, was by avocation a defender of civil liberties,

of the right of any man to walk out of step with

society.

In pursuit of his bent, he defended, without pay -

and at considerable out-of-pocket cost to himself,

the right of hundreds of persons and organizations

to hold and express views with which he strongly

disagreed. By patrioteers, he was considered a

leftist. But in his jealous defense of civil rights

he fought ag furiously for Bundists as for Com-

munists; in rushing into battle, he was not pri-

marily concerned with whether his client was a

labor organization, a religious sect, a pacifist, or

an advocate of birth control. He fought for the

right of that client to the protection of the Con-

stitution. :

More than twenty years ago, this newspaper

put its finger on the true worth of the man. He

and the late Dudley Field Malone were daring the

authorities of Bell county, Kentucky, to stop them

from intervening in a labor dispute where civil

rights were at issue. Said The Chronicle of May

18, 1932:

"The test of free speech is the degree to which

it can be exercised by the man we dislike to say

things of which we disapprove . .. This is Ameri-

canism, the Americanism of the Constitution.

These rasping radicals, therefore, should have the

support of all the conservative organizations de-

voted to the preservation of the Constitution. It

is for these rights that our forefathers of the

Revolution fought."

It was for these rights, too, that Arthur Gar-

field Hays fought long and well.-Editorial, San

Francisco Chronicle, December 17, 1954.

Page 4

AMERICAN CIVIL LIBERTIES UNION-NEWS

JANUARY, 1955

American Civil Liberties Union-News

Published monthly at 503 Market Street., San Francisco 5,

. Calif., by the American Civil Liberties Union

of Northern California.

Phone: EXbrook 2-3255

ERNEST BESIG Editor

_. Entered as second-class matter, July 31, 1941,. at the

Post Office at San Francisco, California,

`under the Act of March 3, 1879. :

Subscription Rates-One Dollar and Fifty Cents a Y

Fifteen Cents per Copy -l151 cent

Stand on `Thought Police' Issue Lauded

Editor: Enclosed is a small contribution to help

- keep up the excellent work of the ACLU on all

' fronts. In particular, I would like to congratulate

the ACLU for its principled stand on the loyalty

oath and "thought police" issues at U.C. I should

also like to point out to your correspondent,

G.R.E., writing in the December "News," that it

is not the ACLU who igs embarrassing those in

authority at U.C., but rather, the chief counsel

of the Senate Un-American Activities Committee,

R. E. Combs-E.W.P.

Disagrees On Catholic School Issue

Editor: I note you have filed an amicus Curiae

brief in the Appellate Court in San Francisco, in

support of a suit by the Roman Catholics for a

permit to build a school in the city of Piedmont. _

I think you are making a mistake in this and it

is not my intention to donate any money for any

such purpose.

In the first place it ig not clear to me that any

civil rights are being violated in this case since

the 1st amendment to the U.S. constitution must

also be considered. Furthermore I think the main

function of our organization is to help those who

are not in a financial position to help themselves

in the matter of legal help and I think you will

_ find that the assets of the Roman Catholics, in-

cluding all deeds are in the names of the bishops,

the largest owners of such assets in the United

States. The bishops in turn are subject to the pope,

said to be the richest man in the world, therefore

I see no reason why you should rush in to extend

your services when the money could be so much

better expended elsewhere. I also call your atten-

tion to the so-called Syllabus of Errors by Pope

_. Pius IX in which he practically condemns civil,

liberties. There should be some reciprocity in this

matter, if we are expected to contribute to the

assets of the hierarchy.

It must be bourne in mind that the proposed

parochial school in Piedmont proposes to teach

not only religion but also the secular courses and

the latter are primarily a function of the state-

C.P.S.

Thirteen Pending

ACLU Court Cases

(Continued from Page 1, Col. 3)

Inez Schuyten: This case involves the dismissal

of husband and wife teachers, Inez and John

Schuyten, in Contra Costa County, under the

terms of the Dilworth Act for refusal to answer

political questions of the Burns Committee. Also

involved is a question of denial of counsel. Trial

of the cases is set for January 5.

Luckel Act

Wolstenholme v. Board of Library Directors:

Rebecca Wolstenholme, Oakland librarian, was

fired for refusing to answer certain questions

about her past political associations. She answered

questions for the period since September 10, 1948,

as required by the Luckel Act, but the City Attor-

ney contends the City Charter requires her to

answer questions covering the time prior to Sep-

tember 10, 1948. Co-counsel: Russell M. Koch of

Oakland.

Legislative Investigating Committees

Hancock v. Burns: Damage suit filed in the Su-

perior Court in San Francisco county by four ex-

Pacific Gas and Electric Co. employees against the

members of the State Senate Fact-Finding Com-

mittee on Un-American Activities for causing their

dismissals. Memorandums have been submitted

to the court on whether the committee members

can be sued for activities which go beyond the

authority granted them by the Legislature. Motion

to dismiss set for argument on January 21.

Religious Liberty

Roman Catholic Welfare Corp. v. Piedmont: The

ACLU as a "friend of the court" filed a brief chal-

lenging the constitutionality of a Piedmont city

ordinance barring private schools from most of

the city while permitting operation of public

schools. The District Court of Appeals has con-

tinued the matter until January 18. The American

Jewish Congress and the local Episcopal Bishopric

have also filed briefs supporting the position of the

- Roman Church.

Oakland Civil Service Board

Sustains Librarian's Ouster

The Oakland Civil Service Board on December

7, 1954 unanimously upheld the dismissal of Re-

becca Wolstenholme, senior branch librarian in

the Oakland Public Library System, for her re-

_fusal to answer questions about her political past.

The questions had been put to her by the Board

of Library Directors which had fired her on

November 9, after she had refused to answer

questions regarding her associations prior to Sep-

tember 10, 1948. S

The Civil Service Board heard an appeal from

`the dismissal on November 30 at which Mrs. Wol-

stenholme's attorneys, ACLU Staff Counsel Law-

rence Speiser and volunteer ACLU attorney Rus-

sell M. Koch of Oakland, argued that the Oakland

Library Board had acted illegally and in violation

of her constitutional rights when it discharged her.

Speiser contended that the Luckel Act adopted

by the State Legislature in 1953 does not allow

any inquiries of public employees as to Commun-

ist Party membership prior to September 10, 1948,

and that otherwise Mrs. Wolstenholme had sub-

stantially answered all other questions.

Deputy City Attorney Daniel J. McNamara, .

representing the Library Board, contended that as

an employer the Board had the right to question

Mrs. Wolstenholme about her alleged affiliations

with subversive organizations covering the pe-

riod of time since she had signed a 1950 Oakland

loyalty affidavit in which she denied ever having

been a member of the Communist Party, and which

was in conflict with the testimony of former Com-

munist Party functionary, David Blodgett, before

the Velde Committee in 1953.

The Civil Service Board's decision found that

Mrs. Wolstenholme's refusal to answer questions

was "`insubordinate, contemptuous and disrespect-

ful" to the Library Board, and sustained her dis-

charge.

A court test of the Board's decision is being

prepared for filing by attorney Koch.

Speedy Decision In Industrial

Security Board Case

In contrast to a Federal employee's security

case, which is reported elsewhere in this issue of

the News, that lingered on painfully for a year,

the Western Industrial Personnel Security Board

took a little more than four months to hand down

a-favorable decision in the security case of an

employee of Varian Associates. In fact, the hear-

- ing was held on December 16 and a favorable

decision was mailed on December 20.

Membership In I, P, P. Charged

To be sure, the charges in the case were not

very substantial. The employee was charged with

"Membership and participation in the activities of

an organization, the Independent Progressive Par-

ty, which has been cited by the California Commit-

tee on UnAmerican Activities, Report 1948, as a

Communist front organization."

The employee was also charged with "Currently

maintaining a close continuing association with

your father, who is reported to be sympathetically

interested in Communist literature and Communist

front organizations," and also with having a close

association with two of his wife's relatives "who

are alleged to be members of the Communist Party

or sympathetic with Communism."

Employee Resigns

Having been cleared, the employee has resigned

his job and taken one in an industry where he is

not subject to a security clearance. Even though

he was cleared in prompt fashion, he knew that

his case might always be reopened because of his

relatives and he had no desire to repeat the un-

happy experience.

Unfortunately, a competent physicist is lost to

security work and other employees at Varian

Associates (some of whom were also registered

I-P.P.) are disturbed by what has happened and

are tempted to find work where there is more

security for them. Certainly, where the. charges

are as flimsy as in this case, the Government

would have been wiser at this juncture not to file

any charges.

Correction

Last month the ACLU-News reported that the

Superintendent of Schools, at the request of a

representative of the Roman Catholic Church, had

asked the teachers of the San Leandro High School

to secure the names of Roman Catholic students

in their classes for transmission to the Church.

The News also reported that the Superintendent

had cancelled the poll after intervention by the

ACLU.

This story was incorrect in one detail. The High

School was not involved. Instead, the incident oc-

curred at the Washington Grammar School in San

Leandro. The News regrets its error.

ACLU Scores Dismissal of

Davies as Improper

The dismissal of John Paton Davies, Jr., from

the State Department as a "security risk" was

eriticized last month by the American Civil Lib-

erties Union as "improper within the definition : . .

of the security program" and placing "increased

pressure on the principle of free speech which, in

our tense struggle with Communist tyranny is

already under great strain."

The ACLU sent a letter to Secretary of State

John Foster Dulles asserting that the decision will

affect the free speech. and policy judgment of

Foreign Service officers.

Could Have Been Transferred

Declaring that as the record of the case had

not been made public ACLU's review had been

based entirely on press statements, the Union

said: "It could be argued that if Mr. Davies' ob-

servations and evaluations did not meet with the

Department's approval, if his policy views ran

contrary to official policy, if he disregarded

proper forbearance and caution in making known

his dissent outside of privileged boundaries, he

could have been disciplined by assigning him to a

relatively non-sensitive post. :

"But to dismiss him under the security program

as a `security risk' because of disagreement with

the opinions he held and his divulgence of appar-

ently unclassified information is a harsh penalty

that appears to stretch the definition of `security

risk.' Mere dissent on policy, even in a security

area, is outside the scope of the security program

where there is no finding of disloyalty. Similarly,

the divulgence of unclassified information hardly

amounts to a substantial risk that, in the future

classified information would be disclosed."

Will Result in Conformity of Thought

The ACLU stressed the effect of Davies' dis-

missal on Foreign Service officers. ". . . despite _

your emphatic statements about the independ-

ence of the Foreign Service we believe the decision

in the Davies case, that a man can be labeled a

security risk for presenting his evaluation of a

political situation, will affect the judgment of

these officers as they prepare reports and make

recommendations. They would have to be the

most hardy of men not to fear that an independent

or even unpopular, position might, in the future,

eubject them to security proceedings. This pres-

sure can only result in a conformity of thought,

which interferes with the expression of opinion of

government employees and can impair our foreign

policy. We realize that because of the nature of

their positions our Foreign Service officers may

have certain limits placed on their speech outside

of the Department, but the problem presented in

the Davies case concerns speech expressed within

the Department."

"Security Risk" Identified With Disloyalty

`The ACLU said it would not feel so strongly

about the case if the words "security risk" had

not become linked in the public mind with dis-

loyalty and even treason and if, "despite your clear

disavowal of any finding of disloyalty, the Davies

case had not become identified with charges of

disloyalty. But . . . to dispel doubts, the Depart-

ment should make emphatically clear that dis-

agreement with authority will not be equated

with security risk, and that dissent, the most

cherished of our American freedoms, can still be

expressed in our country, even by persons in the

government service."

Branch Has Kept Good Faith

Editor: We are enclosing a check for $25 as a

token of appreciation for our branch which has

kept good faith and has lived up to the name and

original purposes of the parent organization.- Mr.

Mrs. E.C.S.

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San Francisco 5, Calif.

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